• Load flow : A Load flow report tells you if the transformers, generators, and feeder conductors are loaded properly, and if there are unseen voltage drops or sustainded over voltages harming your equipment. Also it determines if the circuit protective devices are selected correctly. Loadflow is therefore a powerful way to unveil hidden hazads in the power distribution system, and to unlock savings by identifying power losses.

• Short circuit:  Extensive equipment damage, and costly downtime are typical consequences of a short circuit incident if the protective devices do not interrupt it quickly and safely. It can be a serious threat to human life and is capable of causing injury. Short Circuit analysis is required to ensure that existing and new equipment ratings are adequate to withstand the available short circuit energy at each point in the electrical system. A Short Circuit Analysis will help to ensure that personnel and equipment are protected by establishing proper interrupting ratings of protective devices (circuit breaker and fuses). 

• Arc flash : Electrical shock and arc flash are inherent risks of every power system, especially when working with energized electrical apparatus like switches, circuit breakers, or other energized equipment or circuit parts. OSHA 1910.132  and NFPA70E require that employers identify and protect their workers from workplace hazards. The energy available at any electrical device at a facility is determined through an Arc Flash Assessment & Analysis report. It determines the PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) required of the electrical devices, if the devices are appropriate for service,  as well as discrepancy  issues if any. An Arc Flash analysis takes the results of short circuit calculations against the response time of protective devices to determine the incident energy at the various points in the system.

• Harmonics: No need to say that non-linear loads are everywhere (from huge rectifiers to small CFLs and computer power supplies), and they develope harmonics in the system, causing power quality problems. Overheated conductors and apparatus, misfunctioning in variable speed drives, and life reducing torque pulsations in motors are among the problems caused by harmonics. Reduction of harmonics is considered desirable. Harmonics study report sets a proper base for power quality improvement.  
• Transients Stability: When a considerable disturbance hits the electrical system, it moves out of equilibrim and enters a tranition state. Transient stability study is concerned with this transition perid, and if / when it reaches a stable state.Will a rotor get out of step? Will there be transient voltage sags or current limits? Typical transient stability studies are concerned with the first 30 seconds after the disturbance and include identifying critical fault clearing time, motor dynamic acceleration/reacceleration, load shedding schedule, fast bus transfer timing, excitation/AVR system parameter tuning, governor parameter tuning, voltage/frequency response and stability, and generator start-up. 

 

As convoluted as a project may be, and as demanding the situation may be, reports credibility are guaranteed thanks to experienced and knowledgeable engineers using standard software packages (Aspentech, ETAP, SKM). 

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Relay Setting

Coordination and settings of protection relays is a tricky job. Proficiency in power protection concepts, acquaintance with a wide variety of protection relays in the market, and appropriate software tools are basic rules. Then comes the value of experience to put all the necessities together and generate reliable results and ready to apply outputs. 

With experience with most protection relays in the market like SEL, Schneider-Electric, ABB, and Siemens, results are accuracy guarantied . 

• Realys settings
• Coordination

 

 

Output files readily applicable to protection relays

 

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